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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
Patient...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy01:28

Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers, unexplained...
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection
04:04

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection

Published on: August 15, 2025

Taking NOTES: translumenal flexible endoscopy and endoscopic surgery.

Field F Willingham1, William R Brugge

  • 1Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|September 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery shows promise in animal models for various abdominal procedures. However, human trials are lacking, and current data from case series require more rigorous testing before widespread adoption.

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Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection
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Techniques of Laparoscopic Right Posterior Sectionectomy: Glissonian Approach and a Parenchymal Transection Technique
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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) involves performing procedures through a patient's orifices or internal cavities.
  • Significant research has focused on advancing NOTES techniques and applications.
  • The development of NOTES aims to reduce invasiveness and improve patient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current status of natural orifice surgery.
  • To identify and discuss the challenges, concerns, and future opportunities in translumenal endoscopic research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on translumenal endoscopic procedures.
  • Analysis of studies reporting natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery in animal models.
  • Examination of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in various anatomical regions.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of NOTES in swine models for abdominal procedures, including peritoneoscopy, liver biopsy, lymphadenectomy, and exploration.
  • Gynecologic procedures (tubal ligation, oophorectomy, hysterectomy) and gastrointestinal surgeries (gastrojejunostomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, pancreatectomy) have been performed.
  • No human studies of NOTES have been published; limitations in animal models may hinder large randomized trials.

Conclusions:

  • NOTES holds potential as a paradigm shift in surgery, offering significant patient benefits.
  • Current evidence is primarily based on case series, with a lack of rigorous testing.
  • Further research and validation are crucial before clinical implementation.