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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
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Honey bee viruses.

Yan Ping Chen1, Reinhold Siede

  • 1USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA. judy.chen@ars.usda.gov

Advances in Virus Research
|September 4, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Honey bee viruses pose significant threats to Apis mellifera health. This review compiles molecular-level knowledge on bee viruses, aiding in developing effective disease control strategies for these vital pollinators.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Apiculture
  • Insect Pathology

Background:

  • Honey bees (Apis mellifera) face substantial health risks from viral infections.
  • Understanding these viruses is critical for developing sustainable disease management strategies.
  • Existing knowledge on honey bee viruses has grown, but a molecular-level compilation is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of honey bee viruses at the molecular level.
  • To summarize recent advancements in understanding viral morphology, genome organization, transmission, epidemiology, and pathogenesis.
  • To discuss host-virus interactions and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on honey bee viruses.

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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

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  • Compilation of data on viral characteristics, including morphology and genome.
  • Analysis of transmission routes, epidemiological patterns, and pathogenic mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed summary of the current understanding of honey bee virus characteristics.
    • Insights into the complex interactions between viruses and their Apis mellifera hosts.
    • Identification of knowledge gaps and emerging trends in the field.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive molecular understanding of honey bee viruses is essential for effective disease control.
    • This review serves as a vital resource for researchers, consolidating current knowledge.
    • Further research is needed to address remaining questions and develop novel interventions.