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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Asthma I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Eosinophilic bacterial chronic rhinosinusitis.

Berrylin J Ferguson¹, Raja Seethala, William A Wood

¹Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. fergusonbj@upmc.edu

The Laryngoscope

|September 4, 2007

Summary

Bacteria were found in most eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) cases, often alongside fungi. This suggests bacteria may play a role in ECRS inflammation, possibly through superantigens.

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Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

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Published on: September 22, 2023

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Published on: March 17, 2014

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Microbiology
Immunology

Background:

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a severe form of chronic rhinosinusitis.
ECRS is refractory to standard treatments, with diverse potential causes.
Fungal and bacterial roles in ECRS pathogenesis are under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence of bacterial and fungal presence in ECRS.
To explore the relationship between bacterial and fungal colonization in ECRS.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of histopathology specimens from ECRS patients.
Prospective re-evaluation of 55 ECRS specimens from 34 patients.
Correlation of microbial findings with demographic data.

Main Results:

Bacteria were identified in 62% of ECRS specimens.
Fungal colonization was more frequent in specimens with bacterial presence (77%) compared to those without (23%).

Conclusions:

Bacterial presence is common in ECRS, supporting the superantigen hypothesis.
The high co-occurrence of bacteria and fungi in ECRS warrants further investigation.
Potential factors include increased pathogen exposure or impaired pathogen clearance.