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Related Concept Videos

Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion01:29

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
While in an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is conserved. Therefore, the planet slows down when it is at apogee and...

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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Hubble space telescope observations of comet p/shoemaker-levy 9 (1993e).

H A Weaver, P D Feldman, M F A'hearn

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 11, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hubble observations revealed comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 had 11 nuclei, each up to 4.3 km wide. These fragments could deliver 10^8 megatons of TNT energy to Jupiter, with minimal water production detected.

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    Published on: November 15, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • Planetary Science
    • Cometary Science

    Background:

    • Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragmented before its 1993 approach to Jupiter.
    • Understanding cometary nuclei properties is crucial for impact energy estimations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the physical properties of the fragmented comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 nuclei.
    • To estimate the potential energy deposition of the comet's impact on Jupiter.

    Main Methods:

    • Hubble Space Telescope observations using the Planetary Camera and Faint Object Spectrograph.
    • Photometric analysis of nuclear magnitudes and spectral analysis for OH emission.

    Main Results:

    • Approximately 20 nuclei were observed, with 11 brightest nuclei having magnitudes between 23.7 and 24.8.
    • Estimated nuclear diameters ranged from 2.5 to 4.3 km, assuming a geometric albedo of 0.04.
    • Calculated potential impact energy of ~4 x 10^30 ergs (~10^8 megatons of TNT).
    • Upper limit for water production rate was determined to be ~2 x 10^27 molecules per second due to non-detection of OH emission.

    Conclusions:

    • The fragmented comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 possessed substantial nuclei capable of significant energy release upon impact.
    • The lack of detected OH emission suggests low cometary activity and minimal water production from the nuclei.