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Types of Cement II

Types of Cement II

Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate resistance.

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is sampled...

Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate

Shape and Texture of Coarse Aggregate

Aggregate shape is classified based on the relative sharpness or roundness of the edges and corners. This classification includes categories like rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky, each with specific characteristics. Rounded aggregates, fully shaped by attrition, are typical of river or seashore gravel, while angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have well-defined edges. Aggregates that are elongated and flaky are less desirable, as they can reduce the workability and strength of...

Types of Aggregate Grading

Types of Aggregate Grading

Aggregate grading is crucial in economically obtaining a concrete mix with adequate strength, reasonable workability, and minimal segregation. There are four types of aggregate gradation: well-graded, uniformly (or one-sized) graded, gap-graded, and open-graded.
Well-graded aggregates include a complete range of necessary size fractions that fit together to create a dense matrix with minimal voids, represented by a smooth, continuous gradation curve. This type of grading ensures good...

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...

Aggregates Classification

Aggregates Classification

Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Published on: August 5, 2016

Modern Graywacke-Type Sands.

C D Hollister, B C Heezen

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|December 18, 1964

Summary

Recent deep-sea cores reveal muddy sands resembling ancient graywackes. These sands, featuring a unique bimodal-size distribution, suggest a primary matrix formation in modern abyssal plains.

Area of Science:

Geology
Oceanography
Sedimentology

Background:

Graywackes are common sedimentary rocks in ancient geological records.
Understanding modern analogs is crucial for interpreting ancient depositional environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of modern graywacke-type sands in deep-sea environments.
To compare the textural properties of these modern sands with ancient graywackes.

Main Methods:

Analysis of over 100 deep-sea cores from abyssal plains.
Examination of sand composition, including framework grains (quartz, feldspar, rock fragments) and matrix.
Assessment of grain-size distribution to identify bimodal patterns.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Published on: August 5, 2016

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Published on: September 12, 2019

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Identification of two distinct examples of recent muddy sands exhibiting graywacke characteristics.
Observation of a bimodal-size distribution in these sands, arising from well-sorted framework grains and a microcrystalline matrix.
The textural features, including the bimodal distribution, closely resemble those found in ancient graywackes.

Conclusions:

Modern abyssal plains can host sedimentary deposits with characteristics previously thought exclusive to ancient graywackes.
The microcrystalline matrix in these recent sands is likely of primary origin.
This finding provides a modern analog for understanding the formation and interpretation of ancient graywacke deposits.