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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less likely to...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Red Algae01:23

Red Algae

Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Polyploidy and Environment in Arctic Alaska.

A W Johnson, J G Packer

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 9, 1965
    PubMed
    Summary

    Polyploidy in Alaskan angiosperms increases with latitude, correlating with environmental factors. This finding clarifies the global trend of polyploidy frequency across the Northern Hemisphere.

    Area of Science:

    • Botany
    • Ecology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Polyploidy, the state of having more than two sets of chromosomes, is a common phenomenon in flowering plants (angiosperms).
    • The geographical distribution of polyploidy, particularly its increasing frequency with latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, remains an area of ecological and evolutionary interest.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the correlation between polyploidy frequency and edaphic environmental gradients in northwestern Alaska.
    • To provide ecological and historical context for understanding latitudinal polyploidy patterns.

    Main Methods:

    • Field surveys of angiosperm flora in the Ogotoruk Creek-Cape Thompson area.
    • Analysis of polyploidy occurrence in relation to local soil (edaphic) conditions.

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    Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside
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    Published on: July 3, 2016

    A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
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    Published on: April 19, 2020

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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    Published on: March 15, 2018

    Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside
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    Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

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    A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
    08:44

    A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

    Published on: April 19, 2020

    Main Results:

    • A significant correlation was found between the frequency of polyploidy in angiosperms and local edaphic environmental gradients.
    • The observed patterns support the hypothesis of increasing polyploidy with increasing latitude.

    Conclusions:

    • Edaphic factors play a crucial role in shaping polyploidy distribution in arctic angiosperm flora.
    • The study contributes to clarifying the broader ecological and evolutionary mechanisms driving latitudinal gradients in polyploidy across the Northern Hemisphere.