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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

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Aftershocks caused by pore fluid flow?

A Nur, J R Booker

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 25, 1972

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Large earthquakes alter fluid pore pressure, weakening rock and potentially causing delayed fractures. This fluid flow mechanism explains the timing of aftershock activity following major seismic events.

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Seismology
Rock Mechanics

Background:

Large shallow earthquakes significantly impact crustal stress and fluid systems.
Changes in fluid pore pressure play a critical role in rock strength and failure.
Aftershock sequences provide insights into the dynamic processes following mainshock events.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of fluid pore pressure changes in earthquake aftershock generation.
To explore the mechanism of delayed fracture induced by fluid flow after large earthquakes.
To compare theoretical models of pore pressure decay with observed aftershock rates.

Main Methods:

Modeling of fluid pore pressure changes induced by large earthquakes.
Analysis of fluid flow and redistribution processes within the crust.
Comparison of computed pore pressure decay rates with observed aftershock data.

Main Results:

Earthquakes induce fluid pore pressure changes comparable to stress drops.
Fluid flow leads to slow redistribution of pore pressure, decreasing rock strength.
Computed rates of pore pressure decay align well with observed aftershock rates.

Conclusions:

Fluid pore pressure changes and subsequent redistribution are a viable mechanism for aftershock generation.
Delayed fracture due to fluid flow is a significant consequence of large earthquakes.
The proposed mechanism offers a compelling explanation for the temporal decay of aftershock activity.