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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases

Published on: October 25, 2019

Trace elements and accessory minerals in lunar samples.

G W Reed, S Jovanovic, L H Fuchs

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 30, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Apollo 11 lunar samples contain halogen elements comparable to meteorites. Unique mercury release patterns were observed, differing from terrestrial rocks and meteorites.

    Area of Science:

    • Lunar geology
    • Cosmochemistry
    • Geochemistry

    Background:

    • Apollo 11 samples provide insights into lunar composition.
    • Comparison with meteorites and terrestrial rocks is crucial for understanding planetary formation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze halogen and trace element concentrations in Apollo 11 samples.
    • To investigate the thermal release behavior of mercury.
    • To identify mineralogical components.

    Main Methods:

    • Elemental analysis for mercury, uranium, lithium, osmium, and chromium oxide.
    • Thermal analysis to study mercury release.
    • Mineralogical identification using various techniques.

    Main Results:

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    Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
    14:55

    Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

    Published on: June 24, 2018

    Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
    10:12

    Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

    Published on: June 19, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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    Published on: October 25, 2019

    Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
    14:55

    Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

    Published on: June 24, 2018

    Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
    10:12

    Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

    Published on: June 19, 2018

    • Halogen contents in Apollo 11 samples are similar to meteorites.
    • Measured concentrations include mercury (0.6-13 ppm), uranium (0.2-0.8 ppm), lithium (1-17 ppm), osmium (1-800 ppm), and chromium oxide (0.5-1%).
    • A significant mercury release below 110°C was observed, distinct from meteorites and terrestrial rocks.
    • New mineral phases including fluorapatite, quartz, tridymite, fayalite, and pyroxmangite were identified.

    Conclusions:

    • The elemental composition suggests a common origin or similar processes for lunar samples and meteorites.
    • The anomalous mercury release indicates unique geological or chemical processes on the Moon.
    • Further research is needed to explain the fluorine content and the observed mercury behavior.