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Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.

What is Organic Chemistry?

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon called organic compounds. Organic compounds either originate from living organisms or are synthesized by chemists. A defining trait of these compounds is the presence of carbon as the principal element, which is bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The existence of a wide array of organic molecules is a consequence of carbon atoms’ ability to form up to four strong bonds to other...

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Published on: January 7, 2019

Lunar organic compounds: search and characterization.

A L Burlingame, M Calvin, J Han

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 30, 1970

Summary

Apollo 11 lunar fines contain about 200 ppm carbon, primarily as carbon monoxide. This suggests lunar dust experienced high temperatures, oxidizing carbon with mineral oxides.

Area of Science:

Lunar geology
Cosmochemistry
Materials science

Background:

Understanding the composition of lunar regolith is crucial for lunar exploration.
Apollo 11 samples provide unique insights into the Moon's surface composition and history.
Previous studies have identified various carbon species in lunar samples.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the concentration and form of carbon in Apollo 11 lunar fine material.
To investigate the origin and evolution of carbon species in lunar regolith.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Apollo 11 lunar fine material.
Characterization of carbon concentration and speciation.
Microscopic examination of glass spheres for gas inclusions.

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High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

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Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Published on: May 20, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Published on: January 7, 2019

High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

Published on: June 8, 2011

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Published on: May 20, 2013

Main Results:

Carbon concentration in Apollo 11 lunar fines is approximately 200 ppm.
Carbon monoxide is the dominant carbon species identified.
Evidence suggests carbon monoxide exists both as gas bubbles in glass spheres and in other complex forms.

Conclusions:

The presence and form of carbon monoxide support the hypothesis that lunar fines underwent high-temperature processing.
Oxidation of carbon by mineral oxides during high-temperature events is a plausible explanation for the observed carbon speciation.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex forms of carbon in lunar regolith.