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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
09:43

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Magnetite: Behavior near the Single-Domain Threshold.

D J Dunlop

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 7, 1972
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pure magnetite particles exhibit size-dependent magnetic properties. Particles between the single-domain and superparamagnetic thresholds show characteristics of both single-domain and multidomain particles, explaining stable natural remanence in rocks.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Materials Science
    • Mineral Physics

    Background:

    • Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a key magnetic mineral in rocks.
    • Understanding the magnetic behavior of magnetite particles is crucial for paleomagnetism and rock magnetism.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the single-domain (SD) and superparamagnetic (SPM) thresholds in pure magnetite.
    • To investigate the magnetic properties of magnetite particles within a specific size range.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental determination of magnetic thresholds.
    • Analysis of size-dependent saturation remanence and coercive force.
    • Characterization of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM).

    Main Results:

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    Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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  • Maximum single-domain threshold (d0) determined as 570+/-50 angstroms.
  • Maximum superparamagnetic threshold (d8) determined as 350+/-50 angstroms.
  • Particles larger than d0 but smaller than 0.25 micron exhibit hybrid magnetic behavior.

    • Conclusions:

    • Magnetite particles in the 350-570 angstrom range display size-dependent properties.
    • These particles possess stable thermoremanent magnetization, similar to single-domain particles.
    • The presence of these magnetite grains explains the single-domain character of natural remanence in many igneous rocks.