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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Multiple thyroid ectopics in a single patient: a rare presentation.

Tahir Manzoor¹, Syed Nusrat Raza, Asad Qayyum

¹Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP

|September 6, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This case study presents a rare instance of multiple ectopic thyroid tissues, including lingual thyroid and a neck mass. Treatment with thyroxin successfully resolved symptoms and normalized thyroid function.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare congenital anomaly.
Multiple sites of thyroid ectopia are exceptionally uncommon.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of coexisting lingual and cervical ectopic thyroid tissue.
To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for this condition.

Main Methods:

Clinical presentation of a 16-year-old female with neck swelling and dysphagia.
Diagnostic workup including oral examination, physical neck examination, I131 thyroid scan, biopsy, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA).
Hormonal assays (TSH, T3, T4) and treatment with thyroxin.

Main Results:

Confirmed ectopic thyroid tissue at the tongue base (lingual thyroid) and on the right side of the neck.
Thyroid scan showed radio-iodine uptake in both ectopic sites.
Hormonal profile indicated hypothyroidism (high TSH, low T3/T4).
Three months of thyroxin therapy led to regression of ectopic thyroid tissue and symptom improvement.

Conclusions:

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy can effectively manage ectopic thyroid tissue and associated hypothyroidism.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for symptom resolution and preventing recurrence.