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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults
Published on: October 19, 2014
Fear reactivity and effortful control in overt and relational bullying: a six-month longitudinal study
Andrew M Terranova1, Amanda Sheffield Morris, Paul Boxer
1Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA. anterran@psychology.rutgers.edu
Abstract:
This study examined the roles of fear reactivity and emotional regulatory abilities in overt and relational bullying behaviors. Survey data were collected from 124 middle school students (mean age=10.3 years, 47% males, 61% Caucasian) and their teachers in the fall and spring of a school year. Surveys included teacher- and self-rated measures of students' overt and relational bullying along with self-reported fear reactivity and effortful control. Findings show that low levels of fear reactivity and effortful control predict higher future levels of overt bullying, but not relational bullying. These results suggest that despite high correlations between overt and relational bullying, these two forms of aggression develop through different processes. The findings from this investigation are discussed with respect to their implications for theory on the development of aggression as well as prevention and intervention programming for youth aggression.
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