Maternity patients' advocates in the 1990s. Changing debates and new debaters

Beginning in the 1960s, the maternity patients' movement in the United States was joined by lay, medical, and political critics who protested the escalating cost, poor and inequitable distribution, and over-specialization of medical care. During the 1970s some goals of the maternity patients' movement were met, including fathers' attendance at birth, care in low intervention birth centers, and keeping the newborn baby with the parents immediately after delivery. At the same time, however, perinatal care became ever more based on new technology, tests, and procedures, some of which were promoted by doctor-developers in continuing education courses and in expert witness testimony at malpractice trials. Primary obstetric units closed while urban and suburban centers advertised new services to people who could pay. In the 1990s the maternity patients' advocates have most of the same complaints as in 1970, as well as many new ones.