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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale

Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale

Published on: May 16, 2018

Process innovation and changes in industrial energy use.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 10, 1978

Summary

American industry

Area of Science:

Industrial history
Energy resources
Technological innovation

Background:

19th-century American industry transitioned from wood to coal for energy.
This shift mirrors earlier European trends and foreshadows later transitions to oil and gas.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical switch from wood to coal in American industry.
To analyze the role of technological advancements in this energy resource transition.

Main Methods:

Historical review of energy resource trends in Europe and the United States.
Analysis of conceptual advances in industrial processes (glassmaking, cementmaking, steelmaking).

Main Results:

Significant technological advancements occurred during the wood-to-coal transition in the U.S.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale

Power Input Measurements in Stirred Bioreactors at Laboratory Scale

Published on: May 16, 2018

These process innovations may have been more influential than fuel prices.

Conclusions:

Technological progress in industrial processes is a key driver of energy resource choice.
Research in the physics and chemistry of industrial processes is crucial for energy research.