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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
The Antenna Complex01:15

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Establishment of Microbial Eukaryotic Enrichment Cultures from a Chemically Stratified Antarctic Lake and Assessment of Carbon Fixation Potential
14:38

Establishment of Microbial Eukaryotic Enrichment Cultures from a Chemically Stratified Antarctic Lake and Assessment of Carbon Fixation Potential

Published on: April 20, 2012

Ultraviolet radiation levels during the antarctic spring.

J E Frederick, H E Snell

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 22, 1988
    PubMed
    Summary

    Antarctic ozone depletion leads to higher surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This extended period of high UV levels impacts indigenous life, even when compared to lower-middle latitudes.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Ozone Layer Research

    Background:

    • Atmospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica during spring leads to increased surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
    • The Antarctic ozone hole phenomenon significantly alters UV radiation levels reaching the Earth's surface.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify and compare UV radiation levels during Antarctic spring ozone depletion events.
    • To assess the biological implications of enhanced UV irradiances for Antarctic ecosystems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized model calculations to estimate UV irradiances.
    • Compared calculated UV levels to those typical of low-to-middle latitudes and Antarctic summer solstices.

    Main Results:

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  • UV irradiances during ozone hole events are lower than typical low-to-middle latitude summer solstice levels.
  • Biologically effective UV irradiances at McMurdo Station in October 1987 were comparable to or greater than December solstice levels.
  • Indigenous Antarctic life faces an extended period of summer-like UV radiation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Antarctic ozone depletion results in prolonged exposure to high UV radiation for local ecosystems.
    • The biological impact of ozone depletion extends beyond the immediate ozone hole period.
    • Understanding these UV level changes is critical for assessing the health of Antarctic life.