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Catastrophic volcanic collapse: relation to hydrothermal processes.

D L López, S N Williams

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 18, 1993
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Volcanic collapse can occur without magma, driven by hydrothermal fluids interacting with the volcano. This study models collapse at Nevado del Ruiz, linking hydrothermal activity to edifice instability.

    Area of Science:

    • Geology
    • Volcanology
    • Geochemistry

    Background:

    • Catastrophic volcanic collapse often occurs without preceding magmatic activity, posing significant hazards.
    • Hydrothermal systems are increasingly recognized as critical factors in volcanic edifice stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of hydrothermal fluid-rock interactions in volcanic collapse.
    • To model potential collapse mechanisms at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of hydrothermal discharge extent and locations.
    • Characterization of hot spring water chemistry, residence times, and flow paths.
    • Modeling of hydrothermal fluid-edifice interactions and their impact on structural integrity.

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    Main Results:

    • Hydrothermal activity at Nevado del Ruiz suggests a mechanism for collapse independent of magmatic intrusion.
    • Rock dissolution and hydrothermal alteration, exacerbated by physical triggers like earthquakes, can lead to edifice failure.
    • Modeled parameters for Nevado del Ruiz align with observations at other volcanoes experiencing collapse.

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrothermal processes are a significant, often underestimated, driver of catastrophic volcanic collapse.
    • Understanding hydrothermal systems is crucial for assessing volcanic hazards and predicting collapse events.
    • The Nevado del Ruiz case study provides a framework for evaluating collapse potential at other stratovolcanoes.