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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow
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Asymmetric phase effects and mantle convection patterns.

M Liu

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 24, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    The spinel-perovskite phase transition in Earth's mantle shifts from negative to positive Clapeyron slope above 2000°C. This change impedes cold downwellings but allows hot plumes to rise, creating partially layered mantle convection.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Mineral Physics
    • Earth Sciences

    Background:

    • The 660-kilometer mantle transition zone is a key interface influencing global mantle convection.
    • The Clapeyron slope of the spinel-perovskite phase transition dictates the behavior of mantle flows across this boundary.
    • Previous studies suggested a negative Clapeyron slope, implying limited interaction between upper and lower mantles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of a temperature-dependent Clapeyron slope on mantle convection dynamics.
    • To understand how the spinel-perovskite phase transition influences the ascent of hot plumes and descent of cold slabs.
    • To characterize the resulting mantle flow patterns and layering.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing high-pressure experimental data and thermodynamic calculations to determine the Clapeyron slope.

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  • Performing numerical simulations of mantle convection incorporating the temperature-dependent phase transition.
  • Analyzing the resulting flow structures, including plume ascent and downwelling behavior.

    • Main Results:

    • The Clapeyron slope of the spinel-perovskite transition becomes positive at temperatures above 1700–2000°C.
    • Cold downwelling flows are significantly impeded at the 660-km boundary under these conditions.
    • Hot plumes ascend readily to the upper mantle, leading to partially layered and time-dependent mantle convection.
    • Mantle layering is less pronounced at higher temperatures and higher Rayleigh numbers.

    Conclusions:

    • The temperature-dependent Clapeyron slope of the spinel-perovskite transition plays a critical role in modulating mantle convection.
    • This phase behavior facilitates the transport of heat via plumes from the lower to the upper mantle.
    • The Earth's mantle exhibits a partially layered convective regime influenced by this phase transition, particularly in hotter regions.