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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Ionic Crystal Structures

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Valence Bond Theory

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics
13:58

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Published on: September 28, 2016

Scandium clusters in fullerene cages.

C S Yannoni, M Hoinkis, M S de Vries

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 22, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study characterizes fullerene-encapsulated scandium clusters using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Findings reveal the structure of Sc(3)C(82) and ScC(82), suggesting potential for novel nanostructured materials.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Fullerene-encapsulated metal-atom clusters are novel materials with potential applications.
    • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a key technique for characterizing paramagnetic species.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To produce and spectroscopically characterize fullerene-encapsulated scandium-atom clusters.
    • To elucidate the electronic structure and atomic arrangement within these metallofullerenes.

    Main Methods:

    • Solution and solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
    • Mass spectrometry to identify metallofullerene species.

    Main Results:

    • EPR spectra were obtained for Sc(3)C(82) and ScC(82).

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    Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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  • Sc(3)C(82) results suggest a triangular arrangement of scandium atoms.
  • ScC(82) exhibits characteristics of a Sc+3 cation within a C82-3 radical anion, similar to LaC(82) and YC(82).
  • EPR-silent Sc2Cn species were observed despite EPR-active Sc(2).

    • Conclusions:

    • The study provides structural insights into scandium-based metallofullerenes.
    • The findings suggest potential for creating new nanostructured materials with isolated metal-atom clusters within fullerene hosts.