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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Microbes and Methanogenesis01:26

Microbes and Methanogenesis

Methanogenesis is a critical microbial process in anaerobic ecosystems responsible for the biological production of methane, a potent greenhouse gas and valuable biofuel. This metabolic pathway is primarily facilitated by methanogenic archaea, which thrive in anoxic environments such as wetlands, sediments, and animal gastrointestinal tracts. The absence of oxygen in these habitats prevents aerobic respiration, thereby favoring alternative biochemical pathways for organic matter degradation.In...
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Aerobic Biodegradation Testing of Materials Using a Natural Marine Seawater Inoculum and Closed Loop Respirometer
08:43

Aerobic Biodegradation Testing of Materials Using a Natural Marine Seawater Inoculum and Closed Loop Respirometer

Published on: October 24, 2025

The viking carbon assimilation experiments: interim report.

N H Horowitz, G L Hobby, J S Hubbard

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |December 11, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    Organic matter is synthesized on Mars from atmospheric gases like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. This process is sensitive to heat and inhibited by moisture.

    Area of Science:

    • Astrobiology
    • Planetary Science
    • Organic Geochemistry

    Background:

    • The origin and synthesis of organic matter on Mars are key to understanding its potential habitability.
    • Atmospheric carbon compounds are potential precursors for Martian organic synthesis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the synthesis of organic matter from atmospheric carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on Mars.
    • To determine the environmental factors affecting this synthesis process.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of Martian surface material under controlled laboratory conditions.
    • Investigating the thermolability and moisture sensitivity of the synthesis reaction.

    Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests a low-rate synthesis of organic matter from atmospheric carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide (or both) in Martian surface materials.

    More Related Videos

    Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
    11:19

    Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

    Published on: October 21, 2016

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Aerobic Biodegradation Testing of Materials Using a Natural Marine Seawater Inoculum and Closed Loop Respirometer
    08:43

    Aerobic Biodegradation Testing of Materials Using a Natural Marine Seawater Inoculum and Closed Loop Respirometer

    Published on: October 24, 2025

    Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
    11:19

    Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

    Published on: October 21, 2016

  • The observed synthesis is thermolabile, indicating sensitivity to temperature variations.
  • Moisture was found to inhibit the organic synthesis process.

    • Conclusions:

    • A low-rate abiotic synthesis of organic matter from atmospheric CO/CO2 occurs on Mars.
    • Environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture significantly influence Martian organic chemistry.
    • These findings have implications for the search for life and understanding Mars's prebiotic environment.