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Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is a fundamental law in fluid mechanics and is applied using the continuity equation. We apply the concept to a finite control volume to derive the continuity equation.
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Conservation of Energy

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The terms 'conserved quantity' and 'conservation law' have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the meanings associated with their everyday use. For example, in everyday usage, water could be conserved by not using it, by using less of it, or by re-using it. However, in scientific terms, a conserved quantity of a system stays constant, changes by a definite amount that is transferred to other systems, and is converted into other forms of that quantity. In the scientific...

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Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
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Related Experiment Video

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Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

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Conservation of liquid and solid quantity by the chimpanzee.

G Woodruff, D Premack, K Kennel

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|December 1, 1978

Summary

A language-trained chimpanzee demonstrated accurate quantity conservation for liquids and solids, indicating cognitive understanding beyond perception. However, she did not show similar abilities with number judgments.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Animal Cognition
Primate Behavior

Background:

Understanding quantity conservation is a key aspect of cognitive development.
Research in animal cognition explores whether non-human primates possess similar abilities.
The role of language training in cognitive tasks in chimpanzees is an area of interest.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether a language-trained chimpanzee can accurately judge and conserve quantities of liquid and solid matter.
To determine if the chimpanzee's judgments are based on inference or perceptual evaluation.
To assess the chimpanzee's ability to make same-different judgments based on number.

Main Methods:

The study involved a language-trained adult chimpanzee named Sarah.

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Same-different judgments were performed on quantities of liquid and solid matter, with irrelevant property transformations (shape).

Control tests were conducted to differentiate between inferential and perceptual judgments.

Number-based same-different judgments were also assessed.

Main Results:

Sarah accurately conserved both liquid and solid quantities, even when shape was altered.
Control tests confirmed her judgments were inferential, not purely perceptual.
Sarah failed to make accurate same-different judgments based on number.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that language-trained chimpanzees can exhibit quantity conservation for continuous quantities through inferential reasoning.
This ability appears distinct from numerical judgment capabilities in this individual.
The study highlights the nuanced cognitive abilities of primates in understanding quantity.