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Transformation

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may transfer from place to place or transform into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy...

Forced Transdifferentiation

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Information Processing Approach

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...

Transformations of Functions III

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Transformations modify the graphical representation of a function without changing its fundamental form. One common transformation is reflection, which flips the graph across a designated axis. When the vertical coordinates of all points are multiplied by the negative one, the entire graph is mirrored over the horizontal axis. This transformation reverses the vertical orientation of peaks and troughs, akin to signal inversion in electrical systems, where a waveform is flipped, but the timing of...

Social Foundations of Self IV: Self in Digital Communication

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Since the early 2000s, computer-mediated communication (CMC) has grown rapidly, playing a crucial role in self-development. A key distinction between CMC and real-life interactions is the lack of a physically present partner. This absence makes non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, body language, and paralinguistic signals unavailable in CMC platforms like email, instant messaging, or social media. The lack of these cues can create ambiguity and complicate how feedback is interpreted.The...

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Related Experiment Video

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Morphology-Based Distinction Between Healthy and Pathological Cells Utilizing Fourier Transforms and Self-Organizing Maps

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Self-organization, transformity, and information.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 25, 1988

Summary

Ecosystems use pulsing energy flows, introducing transformity to measure energy types. This new energy metric offers a scientifically based value system for diverse applications, from economics to environmental policy.

Area of Science:

Ecology
Systems Science
Energetics

Background:

Ecosystems and self-organizing systems exhibit energy use patterns characterized by pulsing production and consumption.
Ecological food chain energetics offer insights into redefining work and energy measurement.
A new quantity, transformity, is proposed to distinguish and scale different energy types.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and define transformity as a new scientific quantity for energy scaling.
To explore the application of transformity in understanding universal hierarchies, including information.
To establish a scientifically based value system using transformity for societal and economic applications.

Main Methods:

Analysis of ecological food chain energetics.

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Definition and quantification of transformity (energy of one type required per unit of another).

Calculation of solar transformities across the biosphere, from solar insolation to information.

Main Results:

Transformity provides an energy-scaling factor applicable to universal hierarchies.
Solar transformities in the biosphere range from 1 (solar insolation) to trillions (shared information).
Multiplying resource contributions by their transformities yields a scientifically grounded value.

Conclusions:

Transformity offers a novel approach to quantifying and comparing diverse energy forms.
The transformity metric can be applied to establish a scientifically based value system.
This value system has implications for human services, environmental mitigation, trade, policy, and economic vitality.