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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Radiative climate forcing by the mount pinatubo eruption.

P Minnis, E F Harrison, L L Stowe

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |March 5, 1993
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption caused significant global cooling due to volcanic aerosols. These aerosols increased Earth's albedo, reflecting more sunlight and leading to measurable radiative forcing anomalies.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
    06:10

    Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

    Published on: March 31, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Earth Science
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Climate Science

    Background:

    • Volcanic eruptions inject aerosols into the stratosphere, influencing Earth's radiative balance.
    • Previous assessments of volcanic radiative forcing relied on indirect measurements.
    • The Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 provided a unique opportunity for direct measurement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the volcanic radiative forcing following the Mount Pinatubo eruption.
    • To provide the first unambiguous, direct measurements of large-scale volcanic forcing.
    • To analyze the immediate cooling effects and changes in radiative balance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized radiative flux anomalies from NASA's spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).
    • Analyzed aerosol effects on both shortwave and longwave radiative forcing.
    • Quantified changes in Earth's albedo in clear and cloudy areas.

    Main Results:

    • Direct measurements confirmed significant volcanic radiative forcing post-eruption.
    • Volcanic aerosols induced an immediate and increasing cooling effect through September 1991.
    • Aerosols increased albedo by reflecting more solar radiation, both directly and indirectly in cloudy regions.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides the first direct evidence of large-scale volcanic radiative forcing.
    • Volcanic aerosols demonstrably cause significant global cooling by increasing Earth's albedo.
    • ERBE data offers crucial insights into the climate impacts of major volcanic events.