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Related Concept Videos

The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He mathematically...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
This distribution function f(v) is defined by saying that the expected number N (v1,v2) of particles with speeds between v1 and v2 is given by
The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus...
Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism01:29

Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was one of the major contributors to physics in the nineteenth century. Although he died young, he made major contributions to the development of the kinetic theory of gases, to the understanding of color vision, and to understanding the nature of Saturn's rings. He is probably best known for having combined existing knowledge on the laws of electricity and magnetism with his insights into a complete overarching electromagnetic theory, which is represented by...
Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Max Born's Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.

A Pais

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |December 17, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    In 1926, Max Born introduced statistical elements into fundamental physics laws, marking a significant shift in quantum mechanics. His groundbreaking papers revolutionized the field and influenced subsequent scientific thought.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Quantum Mechanics
    • Statistical Mechanics

    Background:

    • Max Born's early contributions to quantum physics.
    • Born's role in introducing quantum mechanics to the United States.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the motivation behind Born's 1926 papers.
    • To detail the contents of Born's seminal statistical physics papers.
    • To examine the scientific community's reaction to these fundamental changes.

    Main Methods:

    • Historical analysis of scientific literature.
    • Review of Max Born's 1926 publications.
    • Examination of contemporary scientific correspondence and reviews.

    Main Results:

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

  • Introduction of statistical elements into fundamental physics.
  • Significant advancements in quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.
  • Varied but impactful reception from the physics community.

    • Conclusions:

    • Born's 1926 papers represent a pivotal moment in the development of modern physics.
    • The integration of statistical concepts fundamentally altered the understanding of physical laws.
    • The papers' reception highlights the dynamic nature of scientific progress and acceptance.