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Updated: Jul 12, 2026
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Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights
Published on: October 13, 2023
Primary Sjögren's syndrome associated neuropathy
Svein Ivar Mellgren1, Lasse G Göransson, Roald Omdal
1Department of Neurology (SIM), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø and University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Summary
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) can affect the peripheral nervous system, causing various neuropathies. Neurological involvement in PSS presents challenges in diagnosis and treatment, with ongoing research into effective therapies.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Rheumatology
Background:
- Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) primarily impacts exocrine glands, leading to dry eyes and mouth.
- Extraglandular manifestations in PSS are common, with peripheral nervous system involvement reported in 10-60% of cases.
- Neurological involvement in PSS is complex due to evolving diagnostic criteria and patient selection biases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the spectrum of peripheral nerve involvement in Primary Sjögren's syndrome.
- To discuss the diagnostic challenges and pathological findings associated with PSS-related neuropathies.
- To outline current and potential future treatment strategies for peripheral neuropathy in PSS.
Main Methods:
- Review of literature on neurological manifestations in Primary Sjögren's syndrome.
- Analysis of pathological findings from sural nerve biopsies.
- Examination of clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of PSS-associated neuropathies.
Main Results:
- Peripheral nerve involvement in PSS encompasses sensory, sensorimotor, motor, cranial, and autonomic neuropathies.
- Sural nerve biopsies often reveal vascular inflammation and loss of myelinated and small diameter nerve fibers.
- Sensory ganglioneuronopathy shows neuronal loss and T-cell infiltration.
Conclusions:
- Peripheral neuropathies are a significant extraglandular manifestation of Primary Sjögren's syndrome.
- Accurate diagnosis and classification of PSS neuropathies are crucial for effective management.
- While often refractory, emerging biological agents offer promise for treating PSS-related peripheral neuropathies.
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