Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Optimal Arousal Theory

Optimal Arousal Theory

The optimal arousal theory suggests that performance is maximized when an individual experiences a moderate level of arousal. This theory is closely tied to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which illustrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance. The law, formulated by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson, implies an ideal arousal level for optimal performance, and deviations from this level can lead to declines in effectiveness.
Inverted U-Shaped Performance Curve
The...

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Long Distance Non-Contact Dermoscopy: Technological Foundations, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.

International journal of dermatology·2026

Same author

External Validation of the AS5F Score and the Role of Left Atrial Dilatation in Post-Stroke/TIA Atrial Fibrillation Detection.

Biomedicines·2026

Same author

Reshaping the millipede tree of life by inclusion of the last two unsampled orders.

Current biology : CB·2026

Same author

Altered neurophysiological processing of social rewards in borderline personality disorder: Insights from a social media paradigm.

Biological psychology·2026

Same author

Brain function in language and associated networks in non- or minimally verbal children.

Brain communications·2026

Same author

Contralateral screw loosening of through-and-through fixation following unilateral sacroiliac joint fusion: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

Human oscillatory activity associated to reward processing in a gambling task.

Josep Marco-Pallares¹, David Cucurell, Toni Cunillera

¹Department of Neuropsychology, Otto von Guericke University, 39112 Magdeburg, Germany.

Neuropsychologia

|September 7, 2007

Summary

Researchers identified brain activity linked to monetary gains using electroencephalography (EEG). This study found beta oscillations associated with gains and confirmed medial frontal negativity (MFN) for losses, revealing new insights into reward processing.

More Related Videos

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging

Background:

Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies identified medial frontal negativity (MFN) for losses but not gains.
This lack of identified EEG correlates for reward processing is puzzling given known reward system brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neural correlates of monetary gains and losses using advanced EEG analysis.
To identify electroencephalographic (EEG) signals associated with reward processing in humans.

Main Methods:

Employed a gambling task with healthy human participants.
Utilized trial-by-trial wavelet-based time-frequency analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals.
Conducted standard time-domain ERP analysis.

Main Results:

Identified a mediofrontal oscillatory component in the beta frequency range associated with monetary gains.
Confirmed the medial frontal negativity (MFN) for monetary losses.
Observed an increase in theta power during losses, linked to MFN.

Conclusions:

Reward-related beta oscillatory activity may signify functional coupling of distributed brain regions involved in reward processing.
This study reveals distinct EEG correlates for gains (beta oscillations) and losses (MFN and theta power).
Highlights the utility of time-frequency analysis in uncovering subtle neural signals related to reward.