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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4⁺ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Novel TRIM5 isoforms expressed by Macaca nemestrina.

Greg Brennan¹, Yury Kozyrev, Toshiaki Kodama

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.

Journal of Virology

|September 7, 2007

Summary

New TRIM5 isoforms, TRIM5theta and TRIM5eta, found in Macaca nemestrina, lack antiviral restriction capabilities. These TRIM5 variants may explain M. nemestrina

Area of Science:

Virology
Genetics
Immunology

Background:

The TRIM5 family of proteins plays a crucial role in innate antiviral immunity.
TRIM5alpha, a specific isoform, restricts retroviral infection, with variations influencing its potency.
Macaca nemestrina (pigtail macaques) exhibit susceptibility to certain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential differences in the TRIM5 gene and its transcripts in Macaca nemestrina.
To characterize novel TRIM5 isoforms identified in M. nemestrina and assess their antiviral activity.

Main Methods:

Sequencing of TRIM5 cDNA clones from M. nemestrina.
Identification and characterization of novel TRIM5 isoforms (TRIM5theta and TRIM5eta) resulting from genetic alterations.

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Functional assays using retroviral infectivity in TRIM5-transduced cells.

Main Results:

A two-nucleotide deletion (Delta2) in M. nemestrina TRIM5 transcripts creates a truncated TRIM5theta isoform lacking the B30.2(SPRY) domain.
Another isoform, TRIM5eta, was generated via deletion of exon 7, exhibiting 18 amino acid differences compared to Macaca mulatta TRIM5alpha.
Both TRIM5theta and TRIM5eta isoforms failed to restrict HIV type 1 (HIV-1) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in cell-based assays.

Conclusions:

Novel TRIM5 isoforms, TRIM5theta and TRIM5eta, are present in Macaca nemestrina.
These isoforms are functionally deficient in restricting HIV-1 and SIV infection.
The expression of these non-restricting TRIM5 alleles may contribute to the observed susceptibility of M. nemestrina to HIV-1.