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Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Published on: October 9, 2014

Routine removal of external fixators without anesthesia.

Steven Ryder¹, John T Gorczyca

¹Kaiser Medical Center, Roseville, CA, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma

|September 7, 2007

Summary

Most patients tolerate external fixator removal without anesthesia well. Even with inflamed pin sites, the majority would repeat the procedure without anesthesia, indicating good patient tolerance for external fixator removal.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Pain management
Patient outcomes

Background:

External fixators are used to stabilize complex fractures.
Routine removal of external fixators is a common procedure.
Anesthesia is not typically used for external fixator removal.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess patient discomfort during external fixator removal without anesthesia.
To evaluate patient willingness to undergo the procedure again without anesthesia.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 106 patients undergoing external fixator removal.
Pain assessment using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
Patient-reported willingness to repeat the procedure without anesthesia was recorded.

Main Results:

Patients with pin site inflammation reported significantly higher pain (VAS 4.82 vs. 2.92).
Pin site inflammation was less frequent with wrist-spanning fixators.
89.6% of patients would undergo removal again without anesthesia, even if experiencing inflammation.

Conclusions:

External fixator removal without anesthesia is generally well-tolerated.
Pin site inflammation is linked to increased discomfort but does not deter most patients from repeating the procedure.
The majority of patients find the removal process acceptable without anesthetic intervention.