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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates
16:00

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Published on: November 11, 2011

Tool-making and tool-using in the northern blue jay.

T B Jones, A C Kamil

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 8, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    Northern blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) use newspaper pieces as tools to retrieve out-of-reach food. This tool-use behavior in jays is influenced by their motivation and food availability.

    Area of Science:

    • Animal behavior
    • Cognitive ethology
    • Avian intelligence

    Background:

    • Tool use is a complex cognitive ability observed in various animal species.
    • Investigating tool use in birds provides insights into their problem-solving skills and adaptability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To document and analyze the tool-using behavior of Northern blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata).
    • To determine the factors influencing the frequency of tool use in this species.

    Main Methods:

    • Observing laboratory-raised Northern blue jays in a controlled environment.
    • Presenting food pellets out of reach and providing newspaper as a potential tool.
    • Quantifying the frequency of tool use in relation to the birds' motivational state and food presence.

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    Main Results:

    • Northern blue jays were observed tearing newspaper pieces to use as tools.
    • The birds successfully used these tools to rake in otherwise inaccessible food pellets.
    • The frequency of this tool-use behavior was significantly dependent on the jay's motivational state and the availability of food pellets.

    Conclusions:

    • Northern blue jays exhibit sophisticated tool-use capabilities, including tool manufacture and application.
    • This behavior demonstrates cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills in corvids.
    • Environmental and internal factors, such as motivation and reward availability, critically modulate tool-use expression in birds.