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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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Published on: February 4, 2017

Cosmic ray sources: evidence for two acceleration mechanisms.

R Ramaty, V K Balasubrahmanyan, J F Ormes

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 18, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    High-energy cosmic rays, including iron nuclei, likely originate from two distinct sources. This research suggests neutron star acceleration may produce iron, differentiating it from other cosmic rays and impacting origin models.

    Area of Science:

    • Astrophysics
    • Particle Physics

    Background:

    • Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating from outer space.
    • The energy spectra of different cosmic ray components, like iron and other nuclei, show distinct patterns.
    • Understanding cosmic ray origins is crucial for astrophysics and particle physics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To interpret the differences in energy spectra between iron and other cosmic rays.
    • To propose a model with distinct source mechanisms for various cosmic ray components.
    • To investigate the implications of this model for understanding cosmic ray origins.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of energy spectra data for iron and other cosmic rays.
    • Theoretical modeling of particle acceleration and propagation mechanisms.

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  • Comparison of model predictions with observational data.

    • Main Results:

    • The energy spectra differences suggest at least two distinct cosmic ray source mechanisms.
    • One mechanism, potentially neutron star surface acceleration, is proposed for iron nuclei production.
    • A separate mechanism is responsible for the acceleration of other primary cosmic ray nuclei.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed two-source model provides a framework for understanding cosmic ray composition.
    • Future observations of high-energy cosmic rays can help distinguish between in-source and interstellar production of secondary nuclei.
    • This research contributes to the ongoing effort to unravel the complex origins of cosmic rays.