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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy
11:03

Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: July 14, 2022

The Study of Solid/Liquid Interfaces with X-ray Standing Waves.

H D Abruña, G M Bommarito, D Acevedo

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 5, 1990
    PubMed
    Summary

    The x-ray standing wave technique reveals interfacial species structure and composition. This method is crucial for understanding solid/liquid interfaces in materials science.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Surface Chemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Interfacial phenomena are critical in many scientific and industrial processes.
    • Understanding the structure and composition of interfaces, particularly solid/liquid interfaces, is essential.
    • Advanced techniques are needed to probe these complex environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the principles of the x-ray standing wave (XSW) technique.
    • To highlight the applications of XSW for interfacial analysis.
    • To emphasize XSW's utility in studying interfacial species at solid/liquid interfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • Detailed explanation of the XSW technique's physical principles.
    • Discussion of experimental setups and data analysis for XSW.

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    Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films
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    Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

    Published on: August 18, 2018

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    Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy
    11:03

    Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy

    Published on: July 14, 2022

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
    06:26

    Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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    07:08

    Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

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  • Application examples focusing on interfacial species.

    • Main Results:

    • XSW provides high sensitivity for elemental and chemical state analysis at interfaces.
    • The technique allows for precise determination of atomic positions and distributions.
    • Demonstrated utility in characterizing complex solid/liquid interfaces.

    Conclusions:

    • The x-ray standing wave technique is a powerful tool for interfacial studies.
    • XSW offers unique insights into the structure, composition, and distribution of interfacial species.
    • This technique is particularly valuable for research at solid/liquid interfaces.