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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Instrumental requirements for global atmospheric chemistry.

D L Albritton, F C Fehsenfeld, A F Tuck

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 5, 1990
    PubMed
    Summary

    Advances in atmospheric chemistry instrumentation improve measurements of ozone, aerosols, and nitrogen compounds. Better data is crucial for understanding global oxidation and pollution transport.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Chemistry
    • Environmental Science

    Background:

    • Atmospheric chemistry research is constrained by data limitations due to challenges in measuring key global chemical constituents.
    • Recent technological advancements offer new tools for environmental monitoring and analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight recent advancements in instrumentation for atmospheric chemistry.
    • To identify current data gaps and future measurement needs in stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry.
    • To underscore the importance of instrument intercomparison for reliable data.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and deployment of rugged, portable, remote-sensing, ground-based instrumentation.
    • Utilization of accurate, fast-response airborne instrumentation for in situ measurements.
    • Implementation of sensitive methods for detecting reactive nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons.

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    Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

    Published on: February 19, 2018

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    Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
    12:11

    Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

    Published on: April 8, 2020

    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
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    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

    Published on: November 18, 2018

    Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer
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    Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

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  • Conducting rigorous instrument intercomparison experiments.

    • Main Results:

    • Improved understanding of stratospheric ozone, especially in polar regions, due to new instrumentation.
    • Identification of the need for better characterization of stratospheric aerosols, linked to heterogeneous chemical processes.
    • Demonstration of the role of reactive nitrogen compounds in controlling tropospheric oxidation processes.
    • Highlighting the need for improved measurements of reservoir species for understanding long-range pollutant transport.
    • Focus on the requirement for better speciation of hydrocarbons in rural ozone formation.

    Conclusions:

    • Technological progress in instrumentation is crucial for overcoming data limitations in atmospheric chemistry.
    • Targeted measurements are needed to address specific knowledge gaps in stratospheric and tropospheric processes.
    • Instrument intercomparisons are vital for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of atmospheric measurements.