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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Ammonioborite: new borate polyion and its structure.

S Merlino, F Sartori

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 29, 1971
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers determined the crystal structure of the mineral ammonioborite. Its unique trimeric borate ions, [B(15)O(20)(OH)(8)](3-), are formed from double rings of boron-oxygen units.

    Area of Science:

    • Mineralogy
    • Crystallography
    • Inorganic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Ammonioborite is a rare mineral containing boron and ammonium.
    • Understanding its crystal structure is key to its classification and properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of ammonioborite.
    • To determine its crystallochemical formula and identify fundamental structural units.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • Unit cell dimensions and space group were determined.
    • Crystal structure was solved and refined.

    Main Results:

    • Ammonioborite crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C 2/c.

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    Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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  • The crystallochemical formula was established as (NH(4))(3)B(15)O(20)(OH)(8).4H(2)O.
  • A novel trimeric borate ion, [B(15)O(20)(OH)(8)](3-), composed of interconnected boron-oxygen units, was identified.

    • Conclusions:

    • The structure of ammonioborite is characterized by a unique trimeric borate anion.
    • This finding contributes to the understanding of boron coordination and complex borate structures in minerals.