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Related Concept Videos

Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing more...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry

Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter
07:28

An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter

Published on: July 13, 2018

Iodine-129 in terrestrial ores.

B Srinivasan, E C Alexander, O K Manuel

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 23, 1971
    PubMed
    Summary

    Natural xenon from Australian silver iodide reveals pre-nuclear iodine-129 to iodine-127 ratios. This research estimates the equilibrium ratio of these isotopes before the nuclear age.

    Area of Science:

    • Geochemistry
    • Isotope Geology
    • Nuclear Chemistry

    Background:

    • Iodine-129 is a long-lived cosmogenic and radiogenic isotope.
    • Natural iodine isotope ratios provide insights into Earth's history.
    • Xenon isotopes are valuable tracers in geochemical studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the pre-nuclear equilibrium ratio of iodine-129 to iodine-127 in terrestrial iodine.
    • To utilize xenon isotopes as indicators of iodine isotopic composition.

    Main Methods:

    • Extraction of xenon from natural iodyrite (silver iodide) samples.
    • Analysis of excess xenon-129 (from iodine-129 decay) and xenon-128 (from neutron capture on iodine-127).
    • Calculation of iodine isotope ratios based on measured xenon excesses.

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    Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
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    Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

    Published on: April 10, 2026

    Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research
    09:41

    Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research

    Published on: August 2, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter
    07:28

    An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter

    Published on: July 13, 2018

    Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
    08:00

    Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

    Published on: April 10, 2026

    Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research
    09:41

    Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research

    Published on: August 2, 2021

    Main Results:

    • Xenon extracted from Broken Hill iodyrite showed excesses of both xenon-129 and xenon-128.
    • The amount of radiogenic xenon-129 allowed for estimation of the initial iodine-129 abundance.
    • Estimated pre-nuclear equilibrium ratio of iodine-129 to iodine-127 ranged from 3.3 x 10^-15 to 2.2 x 10^-15.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully estimated the natural abundance of iodine-129 relative to iodine-127 before human nuclear activities.
    • Xenon isotope analysis in iodine-rich minerals is a viable method for reconstructing past iodine isotopic compositions.
    • These findings contribute to our understanding of the natural iodine cycle and its isotopic variations over geological timescales.