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Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...

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The polarographic reduction of gadolinium.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer
07:21

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

Published on: August 9, 2024

Anomalous water: characterization by physical methods.

S W Rabideau, A E Florin

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 3, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary

    Anomalous water exhibits unique physical properties, but analysis reveals it contains significant sodium, boron, and oxygen, suggesting it is not a distinct water phase. These findings challenge the concept of liquid water polymorphism.

    Area of Science:

    • Physical Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Anomalous water, prepared in fused quartz capillaries, has been reported to exhibit unusual physical properties.
    • These properties include increased viscosity, lowered vapor pressure, phase separation, and altered refractive index.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the composition and properties of anomalous water.
    • To determine if anomalous water represents a distinct phase of liquid water or a solution.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation of anomalous water samples in fused quartz capillaries under unsaturated atmospheric conditions.
    • Characterization of physical properties: viscosity, vapor pressure, phase behavior, refractive index, and temperature of maximum density.
    • Chemical analysis using electron microprobe, neutron activation, and mass spectrometry.

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    Published on: June 16, 2023

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer
    07:21

    Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

    Published on: August 9, 2024

    A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging
    04:54

    A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

    Published on: June 16, 2023

    Main Results:

    • Concentrated anomalous water residues showed significant weight fractions of sodium, boron, and oxygen.
    • Approximately 6% boron content was confirmed by multiple analytical techniques.
    • Physical properties of anomalous water closely resemble those of highly concentrated sodium tetraborate solutions.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed physical properties of anomalous water can be attributed to dissolved substances, primarily sodium tetraborate.
    • The data strongly suggest that anomalous water is not a unique polymorphic form of liquid water.
    • The existence of liquid water polymorphism requires further rigorous investigation and evidence.