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Plant Breeding and Biotechnology01:59

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.
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Production of Biopesticides

Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed bacterium known for its potent insecticidal activity. Bt biopesticides are favored for their specificity to insect pests, minimal environmental impact, and natural degradability.Mechanism of Bt Toxin Action Bt produces insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins during its sporulation phase. These proteins form parasporal...
Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
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Microorganisms play a crucial role in agriculture and the food industry, contributing to soil fertility, crop protection, and food production. Their functions range from nitrogen fixation and biopesticide production to fermentation and food preservation, making them indispensable to sustainable farming and food safety.Role in AgricultureNitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium (symbiotic) and Azotobacter (free-living), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen...
Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton
10:18

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Published on: August 20, 2011

Comax: an expert system for cotton crop management.

H Lemmon

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 4, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Comax, an expert system for cotton crop management, uses a simulation and rules-based engine to optimize irrigation and fertilization. This AI system demonstrated excellent results in reducing production costs on a large farm.

    Area of Science:

    • Agricultural Science
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Computer Science

    Background:

    • Expert systems offer advanced capabilities for complex decision-making processes.
    • Cotton crop management requires sophisticated strategies for irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate an expert system, Comax, for optimizing cotton crop management.
    • To assess the effectiveness of Comax in reducing production costs.

    Main Methods:

    • Comax integrates a cotton plant simulation program, "if-then" rules, and an inference engine.
    • The system utilizes sensor data for real-time weather conditions to daily reevaluate management strategies.
    • Key management decisions include irrigation, fertilization, defoliation, and boll opening.

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    Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton
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    Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

    Published on: April 28, 2017

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton
    10:18

    Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

    Published on: August 20, 2011

    Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
    11:12

    Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

    Published on: April 12, 2017

    Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton
    05:03

    Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

    Published on: April 28, 2017

    Main Results:

    • Comax successfully determined optimal strategies for cotton crop management.
    • Field testing on a large farm showed excellent results in reducing unit production costs.
    • The system demonstrated the practical application of AI in agriculture.

    Conclusions:

    • Expert systems like Comax can significantly enhance agricultural efficiency.
    • AI-driven management systems have the potential to lower operational costs in farming.
    • Comax provides a viable model for intelligent decision support in crop production.