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Acid rain: ionic correlations in the eastern United States, 1980-1981.

E Gorham, F B Martin, J T Litzau

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 27, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Precipitation acidity is closely linked to sulfate and nitrate ions. Lowering sulfate deposition targets is crucial for protecting aquatic ecosystems from acid damage.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Chemistry
    • Ecosystem Science
    • Atmospheric Science

    Background:

    • Acid rain poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems.
    • Understanding the ionic composition of precipitation is key to managing its environmental impact.
    • Previous estimates for sulfate deposition targets may not adequately protect sensitive ecosystems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the correlations between different ions in precipitation.
    • To determine revised sulfate deposition targets for maintaining aquatic ecosystem health.
    • To identify the sources of precipitation ions using cluster analysis.

    Main Methods:

    • Statistical correlation analysis of precipitation ion concentrations.
    • Calculation of required sulfate deposition levels for specific pH targets.

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  • Application of cluster analysis to group ions based on their sources.

    • Main Results:

    • Hydrogen ions showed a stronger correlation with sulfate than nitrate.
    • Ammonium ions were more closely correlated with nitrate than sulfate.
    • Revised sulfate deposition targets of 14-16 kg/ha/yr are proposed to maintain pH levels protective of aquatic life.
    • Cluster analysis identified three distinct ion groupings linked to air pollution, agriculture, and sea spray.

    Conclusions:

    • Sulfate and nitrate deposition significantly influence precipitation acidity and aquatic ecosystem health.
    • Revised sulfate deposition targets are essential for preventing acid damage to aquatic environments.
    • Identifying ion sources through cluster analysis aids in targeted pollution control strategies.