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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Superconductivity and the quantization of energy.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 12, 1990

Summary

Superconducting Josephson junctions enable ultra-precise measurement of quantized energy levels. This research demonstrates an extraordinary isolation of the macroscopic quantum state, advancing metrology and quantum physics.

Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Condensed matter physics
Superconductivity

Background:

Quantized energy levels are fundamental in atomic physics.
Superconductivity research offers new avenues for precise energy level measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the precision of energy levels in Josephson junctions.
To assess the isolation of the macroscopic quantum state in superconductors.

Main Methods:

Comparison of energy levels from two Josephson junctions.
High-precision measurement techniques.

Main Results:

Energy levels in Josephson junctions were found to differ by no more than 3 parts in 10^19.
Demonstrated extraordinary isolation of the macroscopic quantum state from environmental perturbations.

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Published on: August 2, 2019

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

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Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS₂ Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

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Conclusions:

Josephson junctions provide a highly precise platform for studying macroscopic quantum states.
The findings have implications for quantum electrodynamics, atomic spectroscopy, and metrology standards.