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Related Concept Videos

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Seasat visible and infrared radiometer.

E P McClain, R A Marks

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 29, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Seasat visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR) images effectively identify clouds, land, and water. VIRR-derived sea-surface temperatures closely matched National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration analyses, showing a root-mean-square difference of +/- 1.7 K.

    Area of Science:

    • Earth observation science
    • Radiometry
    • Oceanography

    Background:

    • Satellite remote sensing provides crucial data for Earth observation.
    • The Seasat mission utilized advanced radiometers for surface imaging.
    • Accurate sea-surface temperature (SST) data is vital for climate and weather studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the capability of the Seasat visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR) for identifying surface features.
    • To statistically compare VIRR-derived sea-surface temperatures with established surface measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of visual and infrared imagery from the Seasat VIRR.
    • Statistical comparison using root-mean-square (RMS) deviation.
    • Validation against National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) analyses based on in-situ surface measurements.

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    Main Results:

    • Seasat VIRR imagery proved adequate for distinguishing between cloud, land, and water.
    • VIRR-derived SSTs in cloud-free areas showed strong agreement with NOAA analyses.
    • The RMS difference between VIRR-derived and NOAA-analyzed SSTs was +/- 1.7 Kelvin.

    Conclusions:

    • The Seasat VIRR is a capable instrument for identifying key Earth surface features.
    • VIRR data provides reliable sea-surface temperature measurements suitable for scientific analysis.
    • This validates the utility of satellite-based radiometry for oceanographic and meteorological applications.