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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamic Processes01:25

Thermodynamic Processes

A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
Thermodynamic Background01:18

Thermodynamic Background

The law of mass action states that "the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants." It means that the more 'active mass' or 'concentration' of the reactants present, the faster the reaction will proceed.In a chemical reaction, there are forward and reverse reactions. The forward reaction is the process where the reactants combine to form products. The reverse reaction is the process where the products break down to form the...
Thermochemical Equations02:55

Thermochemical Equations

For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the enthalpy of reaction (also called the heat of reaction, ΔHrxn) is equal to the heat exchanged with the surroundings (qp).
Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the chemical energy...
Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is more accurately defined in terms of activity rather than concentration.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
06:37

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

Published on: September 17, 2021

Molecular thermodynamics for chemical process design.

J M Prausnitz

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 24, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Chemical engineers need accurate fluid mixture equilibrium data for process design. Molecular thermodynamics provides estimation techniques using limited experimental data when full characterization is too costly or time-consuming.

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
    06:37

    Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

    Published on: September 17, 2021

    Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection
    10:02

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    Published on: February 18, 2014

    Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions
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    Measuring Biomolecular DSC Profiles with Thermolabile Ligands to Rapidly Characterize Folding and Binding Interactions

    Published on: November 21, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Chemical Engineering
    • Thermodynamics
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Chemical process design relies on precise equilibrium data for fluid mixtures.
    • Experimental determination of this data is often resource-intensive (cost and time).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the necessity of estimation techniques in chemical process design.
    • To introduce molecular thermodynamics as the foundational science for these techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing molecular thermodynamics, a blend of classical and statistical thermodynamics.
    • Integrating principles from molecular physics and physical chemistry.
    • Employing rational estimation techniques based on limited experimental data.

    Main Results:

    • Established molecular thermodynamics as the basis for predicting fluid mixture equilibrium.
    • Demonstrated the practical application of these principles in chemical engineering.

    Conclusions:

    • Molecular thermodynamics is crucial for efficient chemical process design.
    • Estimation techniques derived from molecular thermodynamics overcome experimental limitations.