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Related Concept Videos

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line01:27

Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line

Based on Bernoulli's equation, the energy line (EL) and hydraulic grade line (HGL) provide graphical representations of energy distribution in a fluid flow system. For steady, incompressible, inviscid flows, Bernoulli's equation is expressed as:
Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium01:25

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella, which use...
Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Diversity of Archaea I01:30

Diversity of Archaea I

Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms, are classified into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical characteristics: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among these, the phylum Euryarchaeota is notable for its remarkable diversity in morphology, metabolism, and ecological adaptations.Morphological and Metabolic DiversityMembers of Euryarchaeota exhibit a variety of cellular shapes, including rods and cocci. Their metabolic pathways...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution
07:20

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Published on: December 30, 2021

Eastern geothermal resources: should we pursue them?

J E Tillman

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 7, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Low-temperature geothermal resources in the central and eastern US offer competitive direct-use heat but require federal investment to overcome exploration risks and attract private capital for development.

    Area of Science:

    • Geothermal Energy
    • Resource Assessment
    • Energy Economics

    Background:

    • Moderate-temperature geothermal resources (below 125°C) are widespread in the central and eastern United States.
    • Department of Energy programs have confirmed the resource's definability and economic viability for direct-use heat applications.
    • This resource presents an opportunity to decrease reliance on imported oil for space heating.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the economic competitiveness of moderate-temperature geothermal resources for direct-use heating.
    • To identify barriers to the development of these geothermal resources.
    • To determine the level of federal stimulation required to encourage private investment.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of Department of Energy-funded program data.

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  • Economic analysis of geothermal direct-use applications.
  • Assessment of exploration, drilling, and evaluation costs and risks.

    • Main Results:

    • The geothermal resource is definable and economically competitive with conventional fuels for direct heat.
    • Significant front-end costs and risks associated with exploration and development inhibit private capital investment.
    • The potential exists to reduce dependence on imported oil for space heating.

    Conclusions:

    • Federal stimulation is necessary to mitigate risks and incentivize private investment in low-temperature geothermal energy development.
    • Overcoming financial barriers is crucial for exploiting this widespread energy source.
    • Further analysis is needed to quantify the exact level of federal support required.