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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

States of Water

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...

Global Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Highly supercooled cirrus cloud water: confirmation and climatic implications.

K Sassen, K N Liou, S Kinne

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|January 25, 1985

Summary

Researchers detected supercooled liquid cloud droplets in cirrostratus clouds using lidar and aircraft. These findings suggest liquid layers in cirrus clouds significantly alter atmospheric heating and the surface radiative budget.

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Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Published on: April 21, 2017

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

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Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Published on: April 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Cloud Physics
Remote Sensing

Background:

Cirrostratus clouds are a significant component of Earth's radiative budget.
The presence and properties of liquid water in cold cirrus clouds remain uncertain.
Understanding these properties is crucial for accurate climate modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and characteristics of liquid cloud droplets at sub-zero temperatures in cirrostratus clouds.
To quantify the radiative implications of these liquid layers.

Main Methods:

Utilized ground-based polarization laser radar (lidar) for remote sensing.
Employed in situ aircraft measurements for direct sampling.
Performed solar and thermal infrared radiative budget calculations.

Main Results:

Confirmed the existence of supercooled liquid cloud droplets near -40°C at the base of a cirrostratus cloud.
Radiative budget calculations indicated significant alterations in atmospheric heating distribution.
Observed potential changes in the surface radiative budget due to these liquid layers.

Conclusions:

Liquid layers can exist in cirrus clouds at temperatures significantly below freezing.
These liquid layers have a substantial impact on the atmospheric radiative transfer.
Further research is needed to fully understand the climate implications of liquid-containing cirrus clouds.