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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
09:46

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

Published on: November 18, 2018

Changing composition of the global stratosphere.

M B McElroy, R J Salawitch

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 10, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    Human activity impacts stratospheric chemistry, particularly ozone (O(3)) depletion over Antarctica due to halocarbons. Urgent emission reductions are needed to reverse this damage.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Chemistry
    • Stratospheric Science
    • Environmental Science

    Background:

    • Human activities have significantly influenced stratospheric chemistry.
    • Ozone (O(3)) levels are a key indicator of stratospheric health.
    • Understanding ozone depletion mechanisms is crucial for environmental protection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current understanding of stratospheric chemistry.
    • To assess the influence of human activity on the stratosphere.
    • To investigate the causes and persistence of ozone depletion.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing scientific literature and models.
    • Comparison of model predictions with atmospheric measurements.
    • Analysis of chemical reaction pathways and catalytic cycles.

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    Published on: April 21, 2017

    Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information
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    Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information

    Published on: June 13, 2020

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    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
    09:46

    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

    Published on: November 18, 2018

    Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
    09:34

    Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

    Published on: April 21, 2017

    Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information
    10:28

    Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information

    Published on: June 13, 2020

    Main Results:

    • Models generally agree with mid-latitude stratospheric measurements, except for high-altitude ozone.
    • Ozone loss rates exceed production rates at 40 km, suggesting an unidentified ozone source.
    • Antarctic ozone depletion is primarily caused by halogen radicals and polar stratospheric clouds.

    Conclusions:

    • The Antarctic ozone depletion phenomenon is likely to persist without intervention.
    • Industrial halocarbon emissions are the main driver of stratospheric ozone damage.
    • Drastic reductions in halocarbon emissions are necessary to reverse ozone layer damage.