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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive force...
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts
09:00

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts

Published on: March 6, 2020

Droplet impacts upon liquid surfaces.

B Ching, M W Golay, T J Johnson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 2, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Single droplets impacting liquid surfaces were never observed to rebound. Surface tension dominates droplet stream absorption and rebounding, with energy and momentum conservation explaining interactions.

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    High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts
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    Area of Science:

    • Fluid dynamics
    • Surface physics

    Background:

    • Droplet impact phenomena are crucial in various industrial and natural processes.
    • Understanding droplet behavior, including absorption and rebound, is essential for predicting fluid interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally investigate the absorption and rebounding of single droplets and droplet streams impacting a deep liquid surface.
    • To establish criteria for droplet stream impaction and absorption.
    • To identify the dominant physical mechanisms governing these interactions.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental examination of droplet (diameter < 1200 micrometers) impacts on a deep liquid.
    • Application of conservation of mechanical energy and momentum principles.
    • Analysis of surface tension effects on droplet behavior.

    Main Results:

    • Single droplets were consistently absorbed and never observed to rebound.
    • Surface tension was identified as the primary factor influencing droplet behavior.
    • Impaction criteria were developed for droplet streams, differentiating absorption from rebound.

    Conclusions:

    • The behavior of impacting droplets is predominantly governed by surface tension.
    • Single droplet impacts result in absorption, not rebound.
    • Established criteria provide a framework for understanding droplet stream-liquid interactions.