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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

The genetic basis of thyroid autoimmunity.

Eric M Jacobson1, Yaron Tomer

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|September 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors significantly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) like Graves

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), affect up to 5% of the population.
  • AITDs result from a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of AITDs is crucial for unraveling disease etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight recent advancements in identifying genes predisposing to AITDs.
  • To discuss the putative mechanisms through which these genes confer susceptibility to AITDs.
  • To provide an overview of the current understanding of genetic factors in AITD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on AITD genetics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

  • Analysis of identified susceptibility genes for Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • Examination of the functional mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant progress has been made in identifying numerous AITD susceptibility genes beyond the Human-Leukocyte-Antigen DR (HLA-DR) locus.
    • Key non-HLA genes include CTLA-4, CD40, PTPN22, thyroglobulin, and TSHR.
    • Some genes are specific to GD or HT, while others increase susceptibility to both.

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic factors play a pivotal role in the development of AITDs.
    • Recent discoveries have expanded the landscape of known AITD susceptibility genes.
    • Further research into the mechanisms of these genes will elucidate AITD pathogenesis.