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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

Published on: June 12, 2019

The spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool: development and evaluation.

Melanie M Adams¹, Kathleen A Martin Ginis, Audrey L Hicks

¹Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

|September 11, 2007

Summary

A new scale, the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool (SCI-SET), reliably measures spasticity

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Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity

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Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Published on: April 18, 2011

Area of Science:

Neurology
Rehabilitation Medicine
Health Outcomes Research

Background:

Spasticity significantly impacts daily life for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Existing measures may not fully capture the multifaceted effects of spasticity in SCI.
A validated tool is needed to assess spasticity's impact on daily activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a new self-report scale for measuring spasticity's impact in SCI.
To assess the reliability and validity of the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool (SCI-SET).

Main Methods:

Scale development involved participant input and item generation.
Face validity and completion time were assessed in a small group (n=19).
Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity were evaluated in a larger cohort (n=61).

Main Results:

The SCI-SET is a 7-day recall questionnaire assessing both problematic and beneficial effects of spasticity.
The scale demonstrated good face validity and took approximately 7 minutes to complete.
High internal consistency (alpha=.90) and test-retest reliability (ICC=.91) were observed.
Construct validity was supported by significant correlations with related measures.

Conclusions:

The SCI-SET is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the impact of spasticity on daily life in SCI.
This new tool addresses a critical need for comprehensive spasticity assessment in SCI populations.
The SCI-SET accounts for both negative and positive aspects of spasticity.