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Solar heating and cooling.

J I Yellott

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 9, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Religious and ethnic backgrounds significantly influence the production of scientists and scholars in the US. Highly productive groups share values like naturalism and dedication, while less productive groups hold contrasting beliefs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Sociology of Science
    • Cultural Studies
    • Demographics

    Background:

    • Geographical, baccalaureate, and social class variations exist in the production of scientific and scholarly doctorates in the United States.
    • These variations are significantly associated with the religious-ethnic group affiliations of individuals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the relationship between religious-ethnic background and the production of scientists and scholars.
    • To identify the specific beliefs and values associated with varying levels of productivity in scientific and scholarly fields.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of data reflecting geographical, baccalaureate, and social class variations in doctorate production.
    • Correlation of productivity variations with religious-ethnic group characteristics and associated belief systems.

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    Main Results:

    • Roman Catholics and fundamentalistic/traditional Protestants are low producers of scientists and scholars.
    • Liberal Protestant sects (e.g., Unitarians, Quakers) and secularized Jewish groups are highly productive.
    • Intermediate productivity is observed in less liberal religious faiths, reflecting a blend of values.

    Conclusions:

    • Group beliefs and values, including naturalism, intrinsic valuation of learning, human dignity, dedication, and pragmatic problem-solving, are strongly linked to scientific and scholarly productivity.
    • Historical examples, such as Jewish immigrants, demonstrate how adapting values (e.g., scriptural erudition to secular learning) while maintaining emphasis on striving and responsibility can foster high productivity.
    • Future productivity may be impacted by social movements that de-emphasize long-term striving and focus on immediate gratification or power dynamics.