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Volatilization

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...

Vapor Pressure Lowering

Vapor Pressure Lowering

The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates: Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution. The presence of...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Vaporization

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Venus: halide cloud condensation and volatile element inventories.

J S Lewis, B Fegley

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 11, 1982

Summary

Venus cloud composition is explored, ruling out aluminum chloride and arsenic sulfides. Antimony may exist as gaseous sulfide, but atmospheric levels are limited by sulfur, preventing tests for volatile-deficient origins.

Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Astrochemistry
Geochemistry

Background:

Venus's atmosphere contains clouds with poorly understood compositions.
Previous hypotheses suggested condensates like aluminum chloride, arsenic, and antimony compounds.
Understanding cloud composition is key to Venus's atmospheric evolution and origin.

Purpose of the Study:

To thermodynamically and geochemically assess proposed Venus cloud condensates.
To evaluate the plausibility of aluminum chloride, arsenic, and antimony compounds.
To determine if these compounds can explain observed Venusian cloud abundances.

Main Methods:

Thermodynamic analysis of chemical reactions under Venusian atmospheric conditions.
Geochemical modeling to predict condensate formation and stability.

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Assessment of atmospheric regulation mechanisms, such as sulfide precipitation.

Main Results:

Aluminum chloride is thermodynamically implausible as a Venus cloud condensate.
Arsenic sulfides are unlikely due to low atmospheric concentrations required for observed clouds.
Antimony may be volatile, but likely as gaseous sulfide, not chloride; sulfide precipitation limits atmospheric levels.

Conclusions:

Recently proposed arsenic, antimony, and aluminum condensates are unlikely to form Venus's clouds.
Sulfide precipitation significantly limits atmospheric arsenic and antimony concentrations.
The search for atmospheric arsenic or antimony cannot validate theories of Venus's volatile-deficient origin.