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Microbial Interactions: Predation01:28

Microbial Interactions: Predation

Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...
Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...
Microbial Interactions: Competition01:26

Microbial Interactions: Competition

Microbial competition is an ecological interaction in which microorganisms vie for limited resources within shared environments. These resources may include nutrients, space, or light, depending on the system. The intensity and outcome of competition are influenced by the environmental context, such as nutrient availability, spatial constraints, and the diversity of microbial species present. These competitive interactions significantly influence the structure, function, and resilience of...
Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
Competition02:34

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.Intraspecific competition, which occurs between individuals of the same species, serves as a natural mechanism for regulating population size. Too much...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Comparison of articulate brachiopod nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees leads to a clade-based redefinition of protostomes (Protostomozoa) and deuterostomes (Deuterostomozoa)

Proceedings. Biological sciences·1998
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A local network for sharing resources and technical support: BACS/PHILNET.

Bulletin of the Medical Library Association·1988
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Predation in the paleozoic: gastropod-like drillholes in devonian brachiopods.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1985
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Predator and prey behavior.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1985
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Biological bulldozers and the evolution of marine benthic communities.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1979
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Environmental and evolutionary stability in bivalve mollusks.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·1974
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea
07:20

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

Published on: September 5, 2018

Brachiopods versus Mussels: Competition, Predation, and Palatability.

C W Thayer

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 28, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Marine brachiopods are unpalatable to predators. Mussels, however, can protect brachiopods by diverting predators, suggesting competition may explain brachiopod decline.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Paleontology
    • Ecology

    Background:

    • Articulate brachiopods, unlike other shelled marine invertebrates, exhibit predator repellency.
    • Predators such as fish, sea stars, snails, and crabs show a preference for bivalve molluscs (mussels) over brachiopods.
    • Mussels are mobile and can outcompete sessile brachiopods for limited space.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the ecological interactions between articulate brachiopods and predatory invertebrates.
    • To determine the role of interspecific competition and predation in brachiopod survivorship.
    • To explore the potential impact of mussel competition on the historical decline of articulate brachiopods.

    Main Methods:

    • Subtidal field experiments were conducted to simulate natural predation and competition scenarios.

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    Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida)
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    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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    07:20

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    Published on: September 5, 2018

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    Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida)
    07:22

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    Published on: October 4, 2019

  • Survivorship of articulate brachiopods was assessed under different conditions: predators alone, mussels alone, and a combination of mussels and predators.
  • Predator-prey dynamics and competitive interactions were observed and quantified.

    • Main Results:

    • Both predators and mussels individually reduced brachiopod survivorship.
    • In the presence of predators, the addition of mussels significantly increased brachiopod survivorship.
    • This increase in survivorship was attributed to predators preying on mussels instead of brachiopods, a phenomenon known as predator diversion.

    Conclusions:

    • Predator diversion by mussels can enhance brachiopod survival in competitive and predatory environments.
    • Interspecific competition with mussels is a plausible ecological factor contributing to the decline of articulate brachiopods since the Paleozoic Era.
    • Understanding these ecological dynamics is crucial for explaining long-term trends in marine invertebrate populations.