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Related Concept Videos

Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...
Energy of a Satellite in a Circular Orbit01:11

Energy of a Satellite in a Circular Orbit

Thousands of artificial satellites orbit the Earth every day at various distances from the Earth. Satellites that orbit the Earth below an altitude of 1,600 km are considered to be orbiting in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Research satellites and Earth observation satellites are usually placed in LEO, and mostly orbit the Earth in elliptical orbits. Navigation satellites are placed in medium-Earth orbit (MEO), ranging from 2,000 km to 36,000 km from the surface of the Earth. Meanwhile, communication...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids
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Published on: August 23, 2012

LIVING WITH A STAR: Controversy Flares Up Over NASA Solar Project.

A Lawler

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |September 11, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Living With a Star initiative aims to study the sun and space weather using satellites. This research will provide insights into solar activity and its effects on Earth, despite facing controversies.

    Area of Science:

    • * Solar physics and heliophysics.
    • * Space weather research.
    • * Earth science and climate studies.

    Background:

    • * The Living With a Star (LWS) initiative is a proposed 12-year, multi-billion dollar program.
    • * The program involves launching a fleet of satellites to observe the sun.
    • * LWS aims to enhance understanding of solar processes and their impact on Earth.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To investigate the sun's internal structure and dynamics.
    • * To monitor and predict space weather events.
    • * To assess the effects of solar activity on Earth's climate and communication systems.

    Main Methods:

    • * Deployment of a flotilla of specialized satellites.
    • * In-situ and remote sensing of solar emissions and particles.

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    Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

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    Published on: August 23, 2012

    CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
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    CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

    Published on: June 12, 2019

    Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment
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    Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

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  • * Data analysis to model solar behavior and space weather.

    • Main Results:

    • * Expected to yield critical insights into the sun's inner workings.
    • * Will provide a comprehensive view of space weather phenomena.
    • * Data will inform understanding of solar influences on terrestrial systems.

    Conclusions:

    • * The LWS initiative promises significant advancements in solar and space weather research.
    • * Understanding space weather is crucial for mitigating its effects on technology and climate.
    • * The program's progress is currently impacted by bureaucratic and research-related controversies.