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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
09:18

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Published on: December 14, 2017

Computer Analysis of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

R A Langevin, M F Owens

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 27, 1964
    PubMed
    Summary

    A computer program for automatic syntactic analysis shows promise for finding ambiguities in text. However, applying this technology to large volumes of text is not yet economically feasible.

    Area of Science:

    • Computational linguistics
    • Natural language processing
    • Legal text analysis

    Background:

    • Ambiguity in legal texts can lead to misinterpretation.
    • Automated methods are needed to efficiently identify textual ambiguities.
    • Previous approaches to syntactic analysis have limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate a computer program for automatic syntactic analysis.
    • To assess its applicability in discovering ambiguities in textual material.
    • To test the program on a specific legal document.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a computer program for automatic syntactic analysis.
    • Applied the program to sections of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
    • Analyzed the program's output for identified ambiguities.

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    Published on: June 2, 2019

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    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
    09:18

    Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

    Published on: December 14, 2017

    High-resolution Imaging of Nuclear Dynamics in Live Cells under Uniaxial Tensile Strain
    09:20

    High-resolution Imaging of Nuclear Dynamics in Live Cells under Uniaxial Tensile Strain

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    Main Results:

    • The computer program demonstrated potential for identifying textual ambiguities.
    • Promising results were observed in the analysis of the treaty text.
    • The current economic feasibility for large-scale text analysis is limited.

    Conclusions:

    • Automatic syntactic analysis holds potential for ambiguity detection.
    • Further development is needed to make this technology economically viable for extensive use.
    • The study highlights the challenges in applying computational linguistics to complex legal documents.